Juvenile Arthritis: Early detection plays a critical role in effectively managing the condition and preventing long-term complications
Juvenile arthritis (JA) presents with a variety of signs and symptoms that can vary from child to child
Juvenile arthritis (JA) refers to a group of chronic autoimmune diseases that affect children and adolescents and cause joint inflammation and stiffness. Early detection plays a critical role in effectively managing the condition and preventing long-term complications. While comprehensive nationwide statistics on juvenile arthritis in India are limited, there are indicators that highlight the need for early detection. According to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), about 20% of India’s population are children under the age of 15. Among this population, the prevalence of juvenile arthritis is estimated to be about 1 in 1,000 children. However, the actual number may be higher due to underreporting and lack of awareness.
JA presents with a variety of signs and symptoms that can vary from child to child. It is important for parents, carers and healthcare professionals to be aware of these symptoms to facilitate early detection and appropriate management. Dr. Harish Puranik, Senior Consultant – Orthopaedics, Fortis Hospital Nagarbhavi, says: “Early detection of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is important as it can help prevent or reduce joint damage. The symptoms of JIA can often be misunderstood by parents as children do not report their injuries and are likely to be passed off as something they picked up while playing.”
Dr. Naman Jain, Consultant, Rheumatology, Ramkrishna CARE Hospitals, Raipur explains some common signs and symptoms of juvenile arthritis:
- Joint pain and swelling
Persistent pain and swelling in one or more joints, often accompanied by warmth and tenderness, are key indicators of juvenile arthritis. The pain may be worse in the morning or after periods of inactivity. - Joint stiffness
Children with JA may experience stiffness, especially after waking in the morning or after prolonged periods of rest. Stiffness can also occur after physical activity or prolonged sitting. - Fatigue
Unexplained fatigue and low energy levels are common in children with juvenile arthritis. They may tire easily and have difficulty participating in activities that require prolonged physical exertion. - Limited range of motion
Joint stiffness and swelling can lead to a decreased range of motion, making it difficult for children to fully move their joints. This limitation may affect activities such as bending over, walking, or exercising. - Fever
Many children with JA experience recurrent fevers that tend to rise in the evening. This fever is often accompanied by other symptoms such as a rash and malaise. - Rash
Some forms of juvenile arthritis, such as JA with systemic onset, may produce a distinctive skin rash. The rash may be pink or pale and may come and go with the fever. - Eye inflammation
In certain forms of JA, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) associated with uveitis, eye inflammation may occur. Symptoms may include redness, pain, sensitivity to light, and blurred vision.
If your child experiences any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor immediately. In addition to X-rays and routine blood tests, some specific tests are also recommended based on the symptoms. These tests can help confirm the diagnosis of JIA and determine the severity of the disease. However, in some cases, even with negative tests, a diagnosis of JIA can still be made under strong clinical suspicion.
“Once JIA is diagnosed, the doctor will create a treatment plan for your child. The treatment plan will vary depending on the type and severity of the disease. However, most treatment plans include medication, physical therapy, and education,” adds Dr. Puranik.
Early detection of JIA can help prevent or reduce joint damage and lead a normal life. It is important for parents not to overlook persistent symptoms of JIA. If you think your child has JIA, see a doctor right away.
Dr. Pranik shares some tips for early detection of JIA:
- Be aware of the symptoms of JIA.
- See a doctor if your child experiences any of the symptoms of JIA.
- Ask your child about any pain or stiffness in their joints.
- Pay attention to your child’s activity level.
- Track your child’s growth and development.
- Early detection of JIA can help increase your child’s chances of a good outcome
It is important to note that these symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions, and proper medical evaluation is necessary for an accurate diagnosis. “To ensure early detection, parents, carers and healthcare professionals must be vigilant for warning signs. Timely referral to a rheumatologist is crucial for proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment. More awareness campaigns and educational initiatives are needed to promote early recognition and reduce diagnostic delays. Efforts should be made to improve access to specialist healthcare, particularly in rural areas, to ensure early diagnosis and treatment of juvenile arthritis,” says Dr Jain.
